
Tung House
Located on a strictly preserved wooded area, this project converges with the site and environment through a zero-energy strategy. While the massing adheres to tight setback restrictions, the roof breaks free of the houseโs orthogonal geometry to optimize orientation of the solar panels. At the same time, the resulting roof overhang shields the interior from hot summer sun while allowing winter sunlight in for passive heating. To minimize site disturbance, the natural site slope is used to generate a split level section that connects public, semi-public and private zones of the house with the natural surrounds.
The interior space is a series of terraces that follow the natural slope of the existing topography.
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The site was minimally disturbed through a split-level layout. A rotated roof on the exterior maximizes the efficiency of the solar panels while creating unique interior volumes. A parametric script developed by P:A and a Harvard research team was used to optimize the geometry of the roof and placement of windows.
site plan
1st floor plan

2nd floor plan
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As the north side has few opening for insulation purposes, a monolithic appearance is intentionally sought.
west-east section

south-north section
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Overhangs produced by the solar orientation of the roof are also used to shelter openings to the surrounding landscape.
The double height entry connects the front and back, exterior and interior.
east elevation
west elevation
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The double height living area invites views of the tall trees of the preservation areas beyond. The corner doors extend the activities to an adjacent deck.
The open kitchen is the geometric and social center adjacent to the main stair.
The public spaces are interconnected in plan but still separated by changes in levels and differing roof profiles.
By matching the existing sloped site, the house is organized in half-levels creating a constant flow between spaces.
A semi-public mezzanine craft room hovers above the more public living spaces below and acts as a transition before entering the private spaces of 2nd floor bedrooms.
The master bath takes advantage of the roof geometry to create a lofty place of retreat.
As a figure in the landscape, the house is clad in white cement board panels as a full-scale diagram of the way the traditional pitched-roof typology is transformed.
Architect
John Hong AIA (principal in charge)
Jinhee Park (SsD), Taylor Harper, Daniel Carlson, Hyein Kim, Kiwon Jeon, Victor Michel, Yufeng
Zheng (design team)
Structural Engineer
Evan Hankin
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer
Peter Osowski, Vanguard Energy Partners
Construction
Mattos Construction
Photography
P:A
Project Info
Location: Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA
Program: Residence
Area: 285ย mยฒ + 68ย mยฒ basement
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Sustainable Strategies
1. solar hot water panels for radiant flooring
2. vented rising heat from ground floor radiant flooring
3. radiant heat supplied by solar panels
4. summer sun shaded by overhangs / winter sun allowed in for passive heating
5. roof optimized for 36 PV solar panels
6. stack ventilation on moderate days
With the recent institutionalization of sustainability earmarked by the advent of the LEED โscoringโ system in the mid-1990โs, there has constantly been a tacit struggle between energy performance and architectural form. An important historical detail is that LEEDโs early founders were scientists, not architects, even as they sought broad-based consensus across disciplines. In this way โbuilding scienceโ has accelerated as an autonomous discipline shaping sustainable architecture, and its major components of envelope and mechanical systems have become its most powerful signifiers. Exposed solar panels and super-insulated walls have come to represent architectureโs advocacy of environmental design as an โagenda,โ becoming a kind of semantic stand-in for the politics that the building represents.
In an attempt to reclaim architectureโs position in generating form and refining typology, Tung House converges active and passive sustainability strategies with architectural sequence and space in the creation of a zero-energy dwelling. Located on a strictly regulated and preserved wooded area in Massachusetts, the double challenge was to preserve the existing physical conditions of the site while maximizing the potential for energy generation in a northerly climate where sunlight is less abundant.
Because of โbuffer zonesโ protecting the wetlands near the property, the relatively large parcel of land contained only a small buildable area. While the building massing adheres to these tight setback restrictions, the roof breaks free of the orthogonal geometry to optimize the orientation of the solar panels for the active generation of electricity and hot water. The 36 PV panels provide over 9-kW of power in the summer providing an excess of energy that is then transferred back into the municipal power grid. In the wintertime where less sunlight is available, the system equalizes the use of energy by also relying on 3 hot-water solar panels that provide the heating for the hydronic radiant floor systems.
The specific calibration of the roof overhangs also provides passive energy solutions: Their geometry shades the interior from the summer sun while allowing winter sunlight in for supplemental heating. In terms of the building profile, decoupling the roof geometry from the building mass creates a new typological variation of the traditional pitched roofs seen in the area. Viewed from the entry, the massing appears as a compact โbarn-likeโ profile, while from the backyard the same roof appears as cantilevered wings that provide shelter for social activities connecting house and landscape.
As the city ordinance strictly limited disturbing the existing site, the orientation of the massing also minimizes excavation. The section of the house follows the siteโs natural contours, creating a split-level condition of half-levels. The result is a continuous experience from public, semi-public, and private spaces. As one enters, a view directly connects the front of the house to the preserved natural landscape of the backyard. An open stair becomes the communicating core of the house: A half-level down takes one to a large loft-like public area containing living, kitchen, dining, and play areas. These directly connect to the landscape through large swing doors that erode the corners of the room. Meanwhile, a half-level up connects to a hovering mezzanine with a craft and play area that is visually connected to but private from the living areas directly below it.
Even as the house is open, rather than presented as one undifferentiated volume, the ceiling height varies drastically, defining diverse areas of use. At the upper levels, the rotated roof creates dynamic relationships between the regularity of rectangular rooms and the irregularity of the varied ceiling planes. It constantly and subtly โunsettlesโ the occupant, suggesting varying perspectives, movements, and lighting conditions that change with oneโs specific position.
Beyond the experiential level, the section is also integral to the passive and active ventilation strategies. In the summer months, natural cooling is provided by stack ventilation where automated skylights draw cooler air from the lower regions of the house releasing the hotter air through the roof. Similarly, in the winter, the system is engineered so that radiant flooring only needs to be provided on the lower levels: Rising heat is vented to the upper private level through low-energy consuming fans rather than large ducted systems. The implementation of this optimized HVAC system is critical not only for a zero-energy result but in also minimizing construction costs.
Instead of the incorporation of sustainable strategies separately applied to the architecture after the architectural logic of the project is set, the Tung House is a small-scale example of how the convergence of building science and spatial relationships can create something more than the sum of its parts. Through simultaneously solving site conditions, patterns of use, and energy optimization, a new synthesis can be produced beyond either the autonomous architectural project or the successful implementation of sustainable strategies. In the case of the Tung House, the decoupling of the roof from the programmatic volume aims to extend both technical and experiential aspects. For the former, active solar performance and the use of daylighting for passive energy is optimized. For the latter, the typological โplayโ of the traditional pitched roof form is turned into something slightly odd or incidental that transforms expectations when viewed from the exterior. From the interior, the roof form creates differentiation and subtle discontinuity within an otherwise open volume.
1990๋ ๋ ์ค๋ฐ LEED์์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ค๋น๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์์คํ ์ ๋์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ๊ฑด์ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ์ด ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฝ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ์๋์ง ํจ์จ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํํ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋์์๋ ๋ฌด์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ์กด์ฌํด์๋ค. ๋น๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ ผ์๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ํด๋, LEED์ ์ด์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ์๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋ด๋ก , ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ํ์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฒจ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. โ๊ฑด์ถ๊ณตํโ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถ์ผ๊ฐ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ ํํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธํผ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ค๋น ์์คํ ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํด์ฃผ๋ ์งํ๊ฐ ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ํ์๊ด ํจ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋จ์ด ๋ฒฝ์ฒด๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ถ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋๋ณํ๋ ์์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋ณธ์ฐ์ ์ญํ ์ด ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๊ณ ์ ํ์ ์ฐพ์๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, ํ ํ์ฐ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ค๋น๋ค์ด ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ๋ก ์๋์ง ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฐฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ดํธ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ท์ ๋ก ๋ณดํธ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ์ง์ญ์ ์์นํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ง์ญ์ด ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ๋์์, ํ์๊ด์ด ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ถ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๋์ํ์ฌ ์๋์ง ์์ฐํด๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์์ธ์ ์์ด ๋๊ฐ์ง ๊ด๊ฑด์ด์๋ค.
ํ์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ต์ง ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์ํ โ๋ฒํผ์กดโ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋์ง์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ง์ ์ ์๋ ์์ญ์ ๊ทนํ ์ ํ์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑด์ถํํด์ ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ถ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์์๊ธฐ์, ์ง๋ถ์ ์ง๊ต ์ขํ ์์์ ๋ถํ ํ์ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์จ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ์๊ด ํจ๋์ด ์ต๋ํ์ ํ๋น์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 36๊ฐ์ PV ํจ๋๋ค์ 9ํฌ๋ก์ํธ๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฐํด๋ด๋ฉฐ, ๋จ๋ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๋์์ ์ ๋ ฅ๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฌ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ฒจ์ธ์๋ ํ์๊ด์ ์์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, 3๊ฐ์ ์จ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ์๊ด ํจ๋์ ํตํด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋นํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ ์จ์๋ ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์จ์ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ธ๋ฐํ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ํตํด์ ๋์ถ๋ ์ง๋ถ๋ค์ ํจ์๋ธ ์๋์ง ๊ณต๊ธ ๋ํ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆ์๋ ์ง๋ถ์ด ์ง ์์ผ๋ก ํ์๋น์ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด์, ๊ฒจ์ธ์๋ ์ง ์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ํ ์ ๋๋ก ๋น์ด ๋ค์ด์ฌ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ธ๋์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋งค์ค์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ง๋ถ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ํ๋กํ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฐ๊ณต์ง๋ถ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ๊ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ท๋ง๋น์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ค์ด ์บํธ๋ ๋ฒ๋ก ๋ป์ด ๋์ ์ผ์ธํ๋์ ์ํ ๊ทธ๋์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์์ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํจ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ๋ก๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋งค์ฑ ๋ํ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ต๋ํ ํผ์ํ์ง ์๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ณํ๋์๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ๋์ง ๋ณธ๋์ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ธต ๋จ์๋ก ๋๋์ด์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์ค๋ด์์ ๊ณต์ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ํน์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ ์๊ฐ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ฉด๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐ๋ํธ์ ์์ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด์ด ํ๋์ ๋ค์ด์จ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ ๊ณ๋จ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์๋ค์ ์ํ ์ํต์ ๊ต์ ์ด ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ธต ์๋๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋ฉด ๋กํํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๊ณต์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ฃผํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ณณ์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ค, ๋ถ์, ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์์นํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ ๋ชจ์๋ฆฌ์ ํฐ ์ค์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ค๋ด์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํจ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ธต ์๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด, ์๊ณต์์ ๋์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์์นํ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฏํ ์ค์ธต์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ค์ธต์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ค๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์๋์ ๋์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋๋์ ๋ณดํธํด์ค๋ค.
์ค๋ด๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด์ ์ผ์ฒดํ ๋ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋, ๋ค์ํ ์ธต๊ณ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์์ธต๋ถ์๋ ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๋ค์ํ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ท์น์ ์ธ ์ฒ์ฅ ๋ฉด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ท์น์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ค์ด ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์๋ค์ ๊ณ์ํด์ โ์์ง์ด๊ฒโ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์ง ์์์์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฑ๊ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๋์ด์, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ์์ฐ ํ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์์คํ ์ด ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๊ณตํ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆ์๋ ํ์๋น์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ถ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๋ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํด ์ง์์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ก ์์นํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๊ฒจ์ธ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅ ๋ณต์ฌ ๋๋ฐฉ์ด ์ค์ง ์ ์ธต๋ถ์๋ง ํ์ํ๊ฒ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฅ์์ ๋์จ ์ด์ด ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ํฌ์ ํตํด์ ์์ธต๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ค๋ก ํผ์ ธ๋๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ ์์คํ ์ด ๋ถํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ต์ ํ๋ ๋๋๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ๊ธฐ ์์คํ ์ ์ ๋ก์๋์ง ์ฃผํ์ ์ํด์๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ฌ๋น์ฉ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ๋ ๋ง์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค.
ํ ํ์ฐ์ค๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์์ฒด์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ํ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ค๋น ๊ณํ์ ๋ถ์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋, ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ณตํ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ ํฉ์ ๋์ด์๋ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ผ ์ ์๋ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์์ ์์์ด๋ค. ๋์ง ์กฐ๊ฑด, ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋์ง ์ต์ ํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํตํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค๋ ์๋ ์์์, ๋จ์ํ ์์จ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์นํ๊ฒฝ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ํตํฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์์ฐ๋ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ ํ์ฐ์ค๋ ์ง๋ถ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ณธ์ฒด์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์ฑ ๊ณตํ์ ์ด๋ฉด์๋ ๋์ ๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด๋ด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๊ด ํจ๋์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์์ฐ ๋๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ์ผ์กฐ๋์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ต์ ํ ๋์ด์์ผ๋ฉด์๋, ์๋ก์ด ์ ํ์ ์ํ โ์คํโ์ผ๋ก์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฐ๊ณต์ง๋ถ์ ํํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ด ์ค๋ด์ธ์์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์์ ์์๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๊ณ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ธ ๋๋์ด ๊ฐ์กฐ๋๋ฉด์๋, ์ค๋ด์์ ์ฌ๋ ค๋ค ๋ณธ ์ง๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋ด๋ถ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํ ๋ถ์ฐ์์ฑ์ ์ฐ์ถํ๋ค.
– translated by Lee Youngju
– ๋ฒ์ญ ์ด์์ฃผ
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